Archive for the ‘ Hoaxes ’ Category

Energy Mirages and the False Hope of “Water Powered Cars”


This morning while perusing my news feeds I saw this article lamenting the state of scientific ignorance and bald political grandstanding in Pakistan. The specific item that prompted this lambasting of an entire country is the claim by one individual to be able the fuel cars using water – and the near unanimous support of this character within the political and scientific realms – despite the physical impossibility of this feat.

I think the author of this article is quite correct in his condemnation of this person and those who support him who tout this technology as a solution to the country’s energy woes. That said I think he does his audience a disservice in not breaking down the claims more fully to explain why this “invention” is not all that it seems and why it will not act as a panacea for the dependence on fossil fuels and the deficit of energy that Pakistan endures.*

It is explained that you cannot run a car on water due to the fact that that it would require a reversal of the second law of thermodynamics. A law that is deemed so fundamental to the operation of the universe that it prompted this quote from a distinguished scientist:

“The law that entropy always increases, holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws of Nature. If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell’s equations — then so much the worse for Maxwell’s equations. If it is found to be contradicted by observation — well, these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the second law of thermodynamics I can give you no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation. ”

Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World (1927)

But this is not the end of the story. For while the “inventor” and his supporters use the word “fuel” to refer to the water, it is a misnomer as we normally understand the word. A fuel is something that supplies energy, it stores energy that is created by one of any number of processes and enables it to be used to do work seconds, hours or millennia after the energy was first produced.

This is what fossil fuels are – the condensed energy of biological processes that occurred millions of years ago. We tap this energy and use it to run our cars, and depending on where you live, the entire rest of our lives.

So what’s this to do with water?

Well, simply put water is the end product of energy use. It is not a storage medium it is a waste product. It would be like saying you’ll run your furnace on ash. You would be laughed out of the human race. But say you’ll use the magical liquid of life – water – and for some reason people think there’s something to this idea.

Now, what is the proclaimed inventor claiming? When you get right down to it he knows the water isn’t a fuel. He is in effect using the water as a convenient hydrogen source. It is the hydrogen that runs the car, and presumably the “water-kit” enables the car to process this hydrogen as it would petrol. The kit also contains an electrolysis component that splits the water into hydrogen and oxygen. I am unaware as to whether the oxygen released is retained to react with the hydrogen or whether atmospheric oxygen is used for this.

In any case the energy for running the car comes not from the water, but the batteries used to extract the hydrogen. The hydrogen then becomes the interim energy storage medium and the “fuel” for the car.

What we have then is the energy generation being pushed back a step, instead of being done at the car via petrol, it will be handled by the country’s power plants.

I can well imagine that there are benefits to converting cars to this set-up. It effectively turns your automobile into one of this new fangled electric cars without the downside of looking like a self-righteous dick*. There are benefits to using electric cars even if the ultimate power generation comes from fossil fuel consuming power plants (which by my calculation more than half of Pakistan’s electricity comes from) such as local air quality improvements. The ability to deal with emissions at centralised locations and the possibility of sequestering that pesky CO2 at the source.

I suspect however that in the rush to embrace the technology at issue here these peripheral concerns are not really being considered. And for a country that already has too little electricity for the population it has (40% of the country has no access to electricity, and demand is ever increasing for those that do) this does not sound like such a great idea and won’t result in everyone having unlimited fuel for their cars. It can only add to the pressure on the already over-taxed electrical grid.

In addition it is being implied (if not outright stated) that water could be used to run generators. This is where you could justifiably call fraud. While there are conceivable reasons why you might convert a car to “run” on water those reason evaporate when you try to argue that the same can be done for a generator. I’m sure you can see why. You end up just inserting an extra step in the energy generation process, well more like a loop. You have to provide energy to the water to extract the hydrogen and then burn the hydrogen back to water to get the energy. Thanks to that second law thingy you will never get more energy out of that reaction than you out in.

Not only do you insert a completely useless extra step, in doing so you guarantee that the whole process is less efficient. You literally get less combustion for your buck.

I hope that no government official is seriously considering funding a project to replace generators with water powered devices, though I gather millions may be spent investigating the possibility of employing this technology in Pakistan. I don’t know where that money (assuming people don’t wake up by then) is intended to go.

This is the concern whenever fringe theories and technologies are held up as the solution to our problems, that money will be wasted on these rather than put toward more worthy projects.

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* A more thorough treatment is here, by former chairman of the Pakistani – Higher Education Commission  Dr Attaur Rehman.

** Just kidding. For what it’s worth I think electric cars are really cool and if I could spare the dosh would love to have one. But I gather there is something of a stigma and well it’s a joke – lets not analyse it too much eh?

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Guess what Percentage of the World Thinks it Will End In Their lifetime?


The optimist in me (no sniggers please it’s not polite) would liked to have thought that this percentage is quite low. You know, in the barely worth mentioning category. Alas, according to a poll conducted by Ipsos the world average is about 14%.

One in seven.

Think about that for a second.

One seventh of the world thinks they will see the end of civilisation as we know it.

One prediction has only a few weeks to go before hitting the cold light of reality, it won’t be the last. Why? I don’t know – You tell me.

I’ve given up, people are crazy.

Holy Hyperbole Batman!!


Apparently the Armageddon predicted by Harold Camping is not the only one we have to contend with. Watch out, it’s The Next Armageddon!

Did you know that the WHO is not the health promoting organization we think it is but really the most nefarious institution in human history?[1]

According to one conspiracy nut[2] the WHO has put into action a plan to kill over 3 billion[3] people. Huh, WHO’da thunk it?

WHO is really going to take this seriously?[4]

The target of this hysteria is the Codex Alimentarius, a set of regulatory guidelines put out by the WHO to:

“..develop food standards, guidelines and related texts such as codes of practice under the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. The main purposes of this Programme are protecting health of the consumers and ensuring fair trade practices in the food trade, and promoting coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non-governmental organizations.”

At least, that’s what “They” want you to think. Mwahahaha!

Russians and Nazis and conspiracies, Oh My!

The first thing you’ll notice about this brightly coloured screed[5] is the complete absence of references. A large number of extremely serious allegations are made and not a single effort has been made to allow you to verify these for yourself.

The first real claim made (apart from the whole killing three billion people thing) is that a Nazi war criminal teamed up with the United Nations to control the population of the world through the food supply. Not a sniff of backing for this is included in the text. Searching on the name of the Nazi[6] and United Nations turns up only other conspiracy sites using virtually identical text. I’m convinced.

This page also taps into the paranoia around water fluoridation by asserting that fluoride is both a poison and has the effect of eliminating aggression and ambition. the proof?

“…. and the fact that it is used in many drugs prescription[sic] shows that it eliminates aggression and ambition in people.”

What more do you need sheeple??? Obviously it must be true, its all in black and white (except the bits in red). Plus, you know, the Russians used it in experiments and got the same results. Uh, where did you get that tidbit? Show me that paper, and the others where it was replicated. Oh, it’s part of the conspiracy you say. How convenient.

Regarding poisons, I’ve said it before: Dose Matters. Things that in high doses would kill us are routinely used in medicine. There is a range where the benefit’s of a substance outweigh the risks. To deny this is to fundamentally misunderstand medicinal and toxicological science.

Of course, this is all the work of evil entities that have been planing population control since the early 1960′s. I have to say that this is some impressively long term planning. I’m surprised there’s no mention of the “Illuminati” if anyone is good at long term, surely it’s them.

Conspiracies, conspiracies everywhere….

“Why Are You Not Aware Of This?

Because the strategy was so thought-out that it’s almost impossible to realise our food is being used against us.  But when you dig deeper you will see that everything is set up to kill us slowly over time… without one factor being the main cause, because there are many. Basically, for those who die… it will be made out as their own fault…”

Yep, almost impossible. Almost. Only those who have the ability to scratch the surface, pull back the curtain and pierce the fog can work it out. Gosh they must have keen insight. Or perhaps they are engaging in overactive pattern recognition and faulty reasoning, not to mention MSU[7] syndrome. It could go either way.

But wait, there’s more. Not only is this guy warning us out of the goodness of his heart, he’s also willing to sell us a book that tells you how not to be killed by the evil powers that be. How nice.

The price of USD$37 is just symbolic, you know nominal, don’t worry about it at all.

My favourite of the benefits touted as to why you should buy the book is:

“The naked truth behind UMAMI (the taste scam behind 90% of the foods today…which is so toxic and makes the foods taste so good and irresistible). What you don’t know is that UMAMI has a terrible effect over your health. Here’s how to avoid it… “

I’ll give him the benefit of the doubt and presume that this is an example of poor editing. Umami isn’t a chemical, it’s the subjective experience of taste that we interpret as savoury/meaty taste. Perhaps what is being referred to here is glutamate or MSG, which for a short time was considered to have negative health effects.[8] Subsequent study has failed to bear this out. So even that generous reading of this point is, well, wrong. Sorry.

If it seems like I haven’t really taken any of this seriously, it’s because I don’t. There are some claims where the only reasonable response is ridicule. There are dozens of assertions put forward on the web page in question. Many of which don’t even give enough information to know exactly what is being claimed[9], let alone providing any basis for refutation or confirmation.

Without providing any details the page is “not even wrong” it’s incomprehensible. The only value it has is to whip up unfounded fear and paranoia, all to pave the way towards buying the book that will save you. From another perspective it has one other value, entertainment.

HT to Alison for bringing this to my attention. Thanks for the hilarity.

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Footnotes:

1. If you’re an anti-vaxxer, don’t answer that. Also, don’t quote-mine me. Satire has it’s weaknesses.

2. He says he’s not but methinks he doth protest too much.

3. For maximum effect try to read this in the tone of Dr. Evil.

4. Last one, honest.

5. Though not nearly as bad as most conspiracy sites, so there’s that.

6. Hermann Schmitz, president of I.G. Farben the major producer of poison gas for the Germans.
http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/cntrl10_trials.htm#Farben

7. Making Shit Up.

8. Ooooh, the dreaded Wikipedia. Inside joke, don’t worry about it.

9. “All nutrients (vitamins and minerals) that have any positive health impact on the body are to be considered toxins/poisons and are to be removed from all food because Codex prohibits the use of nutrients to “prevent, treat or cure any condition or disease”. “   -What does that even mean? Are they going to suck all of the beta-carotene out of carrots? How would you even go about implementing such a retarded scheme?

It’s the End of the World as we Know it and I Feel Fine


By now you will have probably heard that this Saturday (21-May-2011 for future historians) is the beginning of the end, the Rapture. Don’t panic*, please conduct yourselves in an orderly manner at the appointed time. I recommend congregating in open spaces with no overhead power lines or air traffic. Safety first[1].

Ok that’s enough fun. I have seen a number of stories[2] regarding this alleged event and while many make note of the fact that the main promoter of this year’s doomsday has been wrong before I have not yet seen anyone attempt to put this latest foretelling in historical context. By one estimate there have been at least 275 end of the world predictions in the last two thousand years. 116 of those were predicted for the years 2000 to 2010[3].

That’s a whole lot of wrongness right there. Those guys couldn’t have been more wrong if their name was W. Wrongy Wrongenstein.

One of the more remembered failed apocalypses was the one predicted by William Miller for 1843. Offshoots of this group became the Seventh-day Adventist Church once the predicted day came and went without incident.

While that is a memorable one in “recent” times, end of the world predictions go back to the first century. The writings attributed to Paul the Apostle, if read literally, imply that the end of the world would occur sometime in the first century[4]. At least within the writer’s lifetime. As this obviously didn’t happen room was left for subsequent predictive hopefuls to insert their own dates for the apocalypse.

Here is a (small) sampling:

  • Pope Clement I predicts the world could end at any time ~90CE
  • Sextus Julius Africanus predicts Armageddon for 500CE
  • John of Toledo Predicts the end of the world in 1186CE
  • Pope Innocent III thinks the last date is 1284CE
  • Gerard of Poehlde predicts the end of the world date to be 1306CE
  • Melchior Hoffman thinks the real date is 1533CE
  • Benjamin Keach put’s his money on 1689
  • Charles Wesley (one of the founders of Methodism) goes for 1794CE as the date.
  • The Jehovah’s Witnesses First predicted 1914 as the date to remember[5].
  • Pat Robertson predicted 1982. This and other failed predictions do not seem to have dimmed his popularity in some circles.
  • Peter Ruckman (an Independent Baptist Pastor) calculated the date to be around 1990-ish. Other than that he is a completely reliable source.
  • The year 2000 alone had about 32 predictions of the “End Times” to contend with[6]. We’re lucky to have made it out of that year alive. Or not.

Most disturbing is the number of Americans who believe that we are actually are living in the end times. This specific prediction is laughed off as being naive or false teachings but the concept itself is embraced. Harold Camping may be ridiculed but the only thing that is fringe about his beliefs is that he dares put a date on them. Now that’s scary stuff right there. Think about that and try not to have your opinion of humanity lowered just a little.

Quite frankly, when I decided a few of weeks ago to post about this near the date predicted I had no idea that this would be taken up by the media to such an extent. Just goes to show; any crazy thing can be news worthy – given a low enough threshold of “news”.

Still, some good may come of all this hysteria. If we take the opportunity. If some research psychologists out there are willing to exploit the disappointment that is bound to strike the adherents of this belief we may gain some insight into the workings of the human mind. While it may seem like there is no overlap between you and those that hold the Earth to be ending soon the mechanisms that they use to deal with the eventual disillusionment are the same that help you function in everyday life.

The extreme case may illuminate the more mundane.

Everyday we must reconcile the actions we take with the self image we have created. Sometimes this is easy, I’m a good person so I help out my co-workers when they are having trouble. Sometimes we run into difficulty; I’m honest but I also lied to my mother about being busy so I didn’t have to attend that awkward family thing. Discrepancies like this can cause us discomfort – this is referred to as Cognitive Dissonance[7]. In this case we come up with personal stories that explain to ourselves why we acted in  a manor inconsistent with our self image.

Those who wake up May 22nd to the realization that they are still here will have to do some fancy mental footwork to fit their belief in a failed prediction into the image of themselves as intelligent, rational people. Rich fodder for investigation into the human psyche.

Now I’ve had a bit of fun at the expense of this belief but I want to point out that these people are not objects for our amusement. In some cases on May 22nd there are going to be individuals who realize that their lives are ruined. No jobs, no money and families to support. Those who propagate damaging ideologies such as this have some responsibility towards those whose lives they destroy.

By some estimates[8] Harold Camping’s media empire is in control of millions of dollars worth of assets. How much of this will nice old Mr Camping be willing to part with in order to help those who have lost everything because they trusted him?

The depressing part is that the inevitable failure of this prophecy will have absolutely no impact on those who fancy themselves end of the world prognosticators. People will continue to generate beliefs based on untestable propositions. Those people will continue to influence others to their detriment. Post non-rapture the world will go on and with regard to con-men and scam artists (sincere and otherwise alike) it will be SSDD.

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Footnotes:

*Sorry Douglass.

1.
http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+thessalonians%204-4&version=KJV

Verse 17

2. Like here or here or here.

3.
http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm 

about half way down. This is likely to be a low estimate.

4.
http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrl16.htm

5. The Witnesses have turned end of the world predictions into something of a cottage industry having at least 9 different dates for the last days.

http://www.religioustolerance.org/witness8.htm

6. http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrl10.htm

7. I cannot recommend Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson’s book “Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts” Highly enough for a look at our inner justifications.

8. http://www.ministrywatch.com/profile/family-stations.aspx

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Fraudulent Bomb Detectors


Those with a good memory for quirky media stories about things that have no direct bearing on their own lives might recall this article or this one from last year. These stories covered the use of proven fraudulent explosive detectors at Iraqi checkpoints by police and security personnel. Ben Goldacre also covered the story a year earlier on his blog Bad Science.

Why am I bringing this old stuff up now? Well for one the repercussions of this debacle are ongoing, and two these devices or others like them are still in use – sometimes no number of weight challenged females displaying their melodic oratory prowess will sound the death knell for frauds and scams. Plus somebody asked me to.

That’s right, ask me to write about something and I’ll say how high; or something like that.

Actually I thought that this was a subject worth bringing up again as not only are lives put in danger around the world by these devices and the fraudsters who sell them but the principles by which they “work” are also promoted here in NZ for more benign purposes. It’s dowsing dressed up for the technology age. Unfortunately the camouflage seems to distract people from the fact that it’s all bunk.  I also consider it a sort of “gateway woo” that could in severe cases lead to Crystal Therapy and possibly even, Reiki. Stay in school kids.

Back to the subject at hand. The devices I’m referring to all appear to be based on the same basic design: a handle and a free moving antenna. That’s about it folks. This set up allows the scammer, uh, I mean legitimate business man, to take advantage to two phenomena; the ideomotor effect and our ability to be fooled by the ideomotor effect.

An example of one of these gadgets is the Alpha 6*:

Alpha 6 Scaminator

No relation to this Alpha 6, who is way cooler:

An Alpha with Attitude

Anyway, as you can see the “detector” can be held and the antenna may swing back and forth. In this manner it can be influenced by slight movements by the handler and appear to give a clear signal. Trouble is, independent tests keep showing they’re worthless.

Now a movement has been initiated to put pressure on responsible governments to crack down on the continuing frauds that cost lives. Sign up if you feel strongly about the lives lost due to the trade of these useless detectors. For more information regarding the background of many of these devices go here.

For more coverage as it happens see these sites:

http://ade651gt200scamfraud.blogspot.com/


http://explosivedetectorfrauds.blogspot.com/


http://sniffexquestions.blogspot.com/

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* For more pics go Here, some of them are hilarious.

I have also been asked to give credit to the following for their input on this issue over the years:  James Randi, Dr. Keith Conover, Andres Tonini, Bruce Hood, Techowiz, Lumpy Low, Techhead,  BBC Newsnight  and to many others who have devoted time and effort to this campaign since 1995. As well as all those that have suffered from this fraud, whether through loss of life, limbs, liberty or because the money could have been spent so much more effectively.

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Moon Landing Humour


Arg, getting back into this blogging thing after a long break is harder than I thought it would be. Here’s a video to ease back into it.

YouTube – That Mitchell and Webb Look – Moon Landing Sketch.



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Facilitated Communication Case Fails to Deliver


The indefatigable Dr. Novella has been keeping track of the Facilitated Communication case of Rom Houben and via his blog I have learned that further investigation into the case has failed to deliver the goods.

As a refresher, late in November last year the news broke of a man who had been misdiagnosed as being in a Persistent Vegetative State (PVS, an essentially hopeless prognosis) being given a new lease on life thanks to modern diagnostic techniques and a practice known as Facilitated Communication (FC). While the mainstream media initially reported this news without a hint of scepticism (despite FC’s chequered past) it didn’t take long for doubts to be made known (for previous posts by myself and fellow Sciblogger Alison see here and here).

Dr. Steven Laureys, the neurologist whose work had thrust Rom into the limelight, only performed a few simple tests to convince himself of the communication method’s legitimacy. To his credit once the full force of the criticism was evident Dr. Laureys determined to return the question of FC’s validity with regard to Rom and conducted tests with the appropriate controls and protocols. These test subsequently showed that Rom was not the one communicating after all.

As detailed in an article by Spiegel Online:

Laureys has now carried out those tests, and his results hold that it wasn’t Houben doing the writing after all. The tests determined that he doesn’t have enough strength and muscle control in his right arm to operate the keyboard. In her effort to help the patient express himself, it would seem that the speech therapist had unwittingly assumed control. This kind of self-deception happens all the time when this method — known as “facilitated communication” — is used. (As a result, the things that Houben was attributed as saying to SPIEGEL for an article printed in November 2009 were also not authentic.)

In the more recent test, Houben was shown or told a series of 15 objects and words, without a speech therapist being present. Afterward, he was supposed to type the correct word — but he didn’t succeed a single time.

Those of us that were aware of FC’s history may not have been be surprised at this result but that does not mean we are not also saddened. I for one would have been happy to lose my cynical opinion of FC in order to keep the eloquent man who spoke movingly of having “Dreamed [him]self away” and his relief at being recognised as conscious; “I will never forget the day they discovered me, the day of my second birth.“. Speaking of which, what pray tell, has happened to the alleged speech therapist Linda Wouters who, it is now evident, was the true originator of the words gushingly attributed to Mr Houben by his family and the media? (And would have been behind the planned book ostensibly written by Rom.) Even if such deception was inadvertent (ie she truly believed that the words came from Rom) this surely casts deep doubt on her professional abilities, and possibly, integrity.

It must be a crushing blow to Mr Houben’s familiy to realise that they must start all over again in their attempts to communicate with Rom, remember that the speech therapist had been working with him for three years. Three years wasted. I hope his family can find the strength to carry on and the fortitude to be cautious about further improvements in the face of this disappointment.

[UPDATE: 19-02-10. Dr. Novella participated in a radio story about the case yesterday, the audio of which can be found Here. Interestingly Dr. Laureys was also interviewed and admitted that the facilitator may have been in the room during the first tests thus completely invalidating the results and subsequent tests were thwarted by "Rom" responding with answers like "you don't trust me" and "I don't want to do the test". A second facilitator had to be brought in in order for the final testing to be done. To my mind this makes the likelihood of Linda Wouters being an innocent participant here much less and that of conscious fraud much more.]

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Man Flu, the Disappointing Reality


Man Flu, scourge of modern Manly life. Struck down by this dreaded disease men are reduced to a shadow of their former glory, unable to maintain the meager level of household responsibility they usually get away with or even care for their own well being. Reduced to mewling invalids, men afflicted with Man Flu have little recourse beyond bed rest and watching daytime television while a significant other tends to their every need. After being ridiculed by wives and girlfriends for decades science has come to the rescue and vindicated us, the Man Flu exists!*
*The preceding is a work of fiction and any resemblance to real people or events is coincidental.
Despite what the media would have us believe recent advances in scientific research has not in fact established that Man Flu is a real phenomena beyond simply showing our inability to deal with sickness effectively. The real science behind the hype, as usual, is much more modest in it’s scope and consequences.

So what was actually studied? The research was carried out by McGill University in Canada and looked at the effects of a certain protein, caspase-12. The study involved investigating how the activity of this protein affects immune response against Listeria monocytogenes bacteria, a microbe that can cause serious food poisoning, in mice. Part of the study also investigated the effect of gender on the activity of the protien and whether any difference was mediated by the hormone oestrogen. To do this researchers infected mice with the bacteria and looked at spleen and liver bacteria levels in male and female mice with and without the gene for the protein and male mice with the gene and being treated with estrogen. 

The interesting thing is that this gene did have a different effect on how sick the mice got depending on the presence or absence of estrogen. Those male mice with the gene were more susceptible to the infection than females or males recieving hormone treatment, but the gene is inactive in most humans. Only about 20% of native Africans have a working version of the gene, so this research has virtually no applicability to general differences in flu severity between men and women. I guess Man Flu remains a myth, for now.

Deconstruction of a Medium


Recently I was flicking through  one of the vapid women’s magazines at work (distinct from the puerile men’s magazines) when I happened across a psychic reading but an alleged Medium. As I was wondering why there didn’t seem to be a single magazine aimed at women nowadays that doesn’t contain something of this sort I realised that it was a perfect example of how these “Mediums” operate and get away with pulling the wool over the eyes of those whose only crime is to want to communicate with their loved one one last time. So here is my deconstruction of a magazine Medium. I will show it here as it is displayed in the magazine, with a brief letter from the bereaved, followed by the reading, completed by a follow-up letter from the the bereaved, whom I will refer to as the subject. For the sake of simplicity I will assume the entire communication between the Medium and the subject is represented in full by these exchanges. To keep everything straight I will number each point made by the Medium to reference throughout the subject’s reply letter. All identifying names have been changed.

Subject’s Initial letter:

Brad died 16 years ago while I was pregnant with his daughter. I would
like to know if he, or any other spirits around me, have any messages for
his daughter or myself.
Alison.

Medium’s Reading:

This guy is saying, ‘How did I end up here?’[1] He is a deep
thinker and seems quiet and reserved with me.[2] He’s telling
me about drugs[3] and says there were problems with girls.[4] I hear
the words ‘neck’[5] and ‘snap’.[6] He says, I’m sorry’[7]

There are two sides to every story.[8] His own story has not
been heard.[9] He says, ‘I wanted to make a difference with my
life.[10] I wanted to be someone.[11] I feel broken.[12] I tried to make
it work, but I couldn’t.’[13] He says,’Leave me alone,
I don’t need your help.[14] People talked about me. It hurt me,
and my family.’[15]

He seems to have a battle inside him about who he was
- about being accepted or not.[16] He is saying the names Ted[17] and
Anthony or Tony.[18] He’s bringing in a man who passed suddenly with
a heart attack.[19] He is standing at his side with his hand on his chest.[20]

I’m hearing the word John or Joana.[21] This young lad must have been
tormented a lot at school.[22] He liked i schoolwork but he didn’t like beings
teased.[23] He says, 1 have been trying to get through for a longtime, but
no one has been listening to me. It’s important to say that I miss my
family and friends[24] and I’m truly sorry for the heartache I caused.[25]

Now he is talking about his funeral. My service was A1. Spot
on with the choices of songs,[26] and I am placed in such a peaceful
environment. Thank you’. He is showing me a lot of young
people at his service.[27] He is talking about being ID’d, Did
someone have to identify him?[28]

Now I’m seeing newspaper photos[29] and a blue trampoline.[30]
I see cricket bats[31] and a goldfish tank.[32] There’s a lot of junk here.
His room was cluttered with all sorts of things.[33] He is talking
about technical drawing skills[34] about layout and design.[35]
December is important[36] He showing me a big letter B.[37]
He is saying he is one of three kids[38] and that the person
who sent his photo will have building renovating around
them.[39] He says you are looking nice[40] and also tells me that you
need a new lawn.[41]

Subject’s Response:

The photo was probably taken around 17 years ago at a friend’s
wedding. At the time of Brad’s passing, he was 20 years old
and a big part of my life.
Kelvin’s comments about Brad’s death being self-inflicted were
right After hearing the reading, some of the things that rang true
included the way that he died.
Brad had a sense of humour once you got to know him, but
normally he was quiet[2] He was one of three children.[38]
He said the name John,[21] which is my father, and the man he is
with is my grandad Charles, who had a heart attack.[19] I don’t think
he knew them when he was alive. I wish that he had
said something about our daughter.
He once told me that kids had picked on him at school,[22]
so that part of the reading was right
He also talked about drawing. I have pictures he drew that
he showed me when We first got together.[34] They
were portraits. One was of me sitting on a stool. They were very
good – I still have them.
Welcome to our World and Down on the Farm were the songs at his .
funeral, and they were his favourites[26] He sang them all the time.
He mentioned the letter ‘B’ [37] and December,[36] which probably stands
for his name and his birthday on Boxing Day
I thought it was funny that he mentioned I needed a new lawn.[41]
There were a lot of weeds in an area of my lawn where I wanted
to put a barbecue, and I recently sprayed it, so now the lawn’s dead.
I would like to thank Kelvin for the reading. It was very important
to me to hear that Brad misses his family and friends.

So, for a start lets count up the hits. In fairness I’ll admit that what I counted was somewhat arbitrary, but I don’t think I’m more than two or three out in either the predictions (for lack of a better term) or confirmed hits. Tallying up what the subject responded to gives us about 10 hits. Out of 40 predictions (he threw them out thick and fast once you broke it down) that’s 25% right. Not bad I think. lets take them in the order he gave, I will rate the predictions as Hit, Miss or Indeterminate based on the subject’s responses:

[1]. I included this one as it speaks to the deceased’s state of mind after death and as such may find resonance with the subjects’ sense of loss or the speed of the passing of the deceased.

Rating: Miss

[2]. This is a good one, people are seldom 1 dimensional characters, they have facets of personality and the subject hints at this in her response “Brad had a sense of humour once you got to know him, but normally he was quiet“. If you know someone intimately you will eventually see all of these sides and be able to recognise almost any characteristic as relating to your loved one. Indeed, judging from the reply here the reading could have made the complete opposite claim and still have been a hit in the subject’s eyes.

Rating: Hit

[3]. This one is trickier as the drugs are not specified, they could be prescription, illicit or over the counter. Thus there is a wide net being cast here. In any case the subject does not confirm any drug related issues, nor if true would I expect her to.

Rating: Indeterminate

[4]. Again this is vague and could refer to almost any situation involving a female.

Rating: Indeterminate

[5]. [6]. [7]. I’ve grouped these together as the subject at least seems to interpret them as refering to her loved one’s death. However I numbered them separately as thy are all distict claims. The subject appears to be fitting the prediction to the facts as there are a number of interpretations that could be made and self inflicted death is not one that immediately springs to mind for me.

Rating: Miss

[8]. [9]. [10]. [11].  Again, this is banal to the point of ridiculousness. Of course there are multiple sides to a story and of course a private individual has much of their life which isn’t made public, basically by definition. Also, everyone wants to have made a difference and to be considered to have been worthy and appreciated, to “Be someone” if only to our friends and family.

Rating: Miss

[12]. [13]. [14]. Through the vicissitudes of life who hasn’t felt these emotions? Once more, these could apply to anyone.

Rating: Miss

[15]. Here we have a slightly more substantial claim, that of possible controversy around the family. The subject is mute on this point.

Rating: Indeterminate

[16]. Another platitude about life.

Rating: Miss

[17]. [18]. No mention of the owners of these names, given the stretching to find a connection with other parts of the reading this does not bode well.

Rating: Miss

[19]. [20]. [21]. The subject matches these to her father and grandfather even though her loved one never had any connection with them. I really hope the afterlife isn’t one long family reunion.

Rating: Hit

[22]. [23]. I’m sorry but who likes being teased? And to my mind once metioning that “kids had picked on him at school” does not constitute being tormented. I was teased at school, I suspect a large proportion of the population also were.

Rating: Hit

[24]. Another comment on the normal human experience, I would have been surprised if he said he didn’t miss his family.

Rating: Miss

[25]. Who hasn’t caused heartache that they regret? Even the most careful person can’t please everyone all of the time.

Rating: Miss

[26]. If my family don’t play songs I like at my funeral then I refuse to participate in the after party.

Rating: Hit

[27]. Come on, the guy didn’t die in a nursing home, of course there are going to be young people at his funeral. Way to go Sherlock.

Rating: Miss

[28]. I think that often if people die away from their family and friends they would need to be identified. The subject does not mention the circumstances surrounding his death so this one can’t be judged.

Rating: Indeterminate

[29]. No mention of a media presence in the deceased’s life but newspaper photo could also have refered to obituary postings. In either case no response from the subject.

Rating: Miss

[30]. Everyone loves trampolines! No? oh well.

Rating: Miss

[31]. [32]. Not hitting a six with these two it would seem.

Rating: Miss

[33]. Clutter? Really? That’s you’re great psychic insight? Sorry.

Rating: Miss

[34]. [35]. I’m sorry, but portraits are art, not design. Have to go against the subject on this one.

Rating: Miss

[36]. [37]. Suddenly, after speaking clearly all this time (trampoline?) the deceased is reduced to spelling out his name? The subject to obviously undergoing some contortions to make this fit. It was a luck break that his birthday is on Boxing Day but I can think of at least one other reason why December might be considered important and I don’t think it’s limited to this one individual.

Rating: Hit

[38]. Ok, this is the best of the bunch. Very impressive. Spot on. What can I say, well I can reasonably assume that the magazine was privy to the subject’s last name and address and possibly passed this on to the medium with the letter. Along with the length of time given since the death he now has information that could be used to track down further details from obituaries with a little effort. But still quite good.

Rating: Hit

[39]. Another good specific one, even if the delivery is a little formal considering the intimate connection, but no follow up from the subject. I’m tempted to label it a miss but let’s be generous.

Rating: Indeterminate

[40]. Who doesn’t like complements from beyond the grave. A picture was given of a woman who is probably the subject but I don’t think I can really comment on the accuracy of this one.

Rating: Indeterminate

[41]. A new lawn, what the meaning of life too difficult? OK, this one ain’t bad either but really, unless you’re a grass obsessed freak this can apply to anyone.

Rating: Hit

Now frankly I consider this guy and his ilk the scum of the Earth, feeding on the grief of others and prolonging pain for their own benefit. This particular medium also has a TV career as one of the resident psychics on the Australian/New Zealand show “Sensing Murder“. Where the family members of murder victims, where the case is unsolved, are exploited by the production company and these so called psychics for ratings an publicity. But I digress, to the matter at hand. The remarkable thing about this reading is how unremarkable the topics covered were. They were more generic observations of the human condition instead of the distillation of a lifetime of knowledge gleaned from peering through the veil of death. Teased out and displayed one by one as here it is almost trivially easy to show that this is the case and yet people by their thousand flock to those that spew these inanities. I can’t blame them, who if given the chance would pass up the opportunity to communicate with a loved one just one more time? I’m lucky enough not to have lost a close family member or friend but the temptation to think of them as looking down at me from on high, that their life had not simply been snuffed out would be great I think. In the end I’m not fooling anyone here, if you belived in psychic mediums before reading this, you still do, if not, you still don’t. I just hope I’ve given everyone something else to think about.

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Fuelstar


I first found out about Fuelstar about a year ago, I had received a flyer in the mailbox that proclaimed 12% savings on fuel consumption for my car. At the time petrol prices had really started going through the roof so this was a deal that seemed too good to be true, I thought I could already see where this was going but decided to investigate further to determine if there was any validity to the claims. After and hour or so online I had satisfied myself that the only fuel savings I would get would be those that came with my wallet becoming lighter I forgot about the whole thing. Fast forward to earlier this week when a colleague pointed out a half page ad in the paper and says “You should look in to that”, well after I had finished giving him the low down and climbed back off my high horse I figured I should cover it here too.

So what is Fuelstar? Essentially it is a metal canister containing tin pellets that is fitted to your fuel line before it enters your engine. Ostensibly the idea is that the pellets release micro particles of tin that flow with the petrol into the engine and helps the fuel burn more efficiently. The following claims are made on the back of this: That your fuel consumption will go down, your power output will go up and the device will clean your engine. Now, do these claims hold up? Fuelstar would say the 180,000 happy customers says “Yes”, OK lets consider these customers. First, if someone decides to install a fuel saving device in their car it stands to reason that they have fuel economy on their mind, in which case their driving habits may change, they are more likely to pay more attention to how the car is running, whether the tyres have the correct pressure etc. If so, and they started to be more observant about their fuel consumption around the time of installing the Fuelstar device they are likely to attribute any gains they see to it.

 In addition, would these customers have gotten the device fitted by an experienced mechanic?, who would likely have also given the car a tune up at the same time, which has an effect on fuel consumption. Also how many of the customers would have carefully tracked the amount of fuel used and under what conditions for significant periods of time both before and after installing the device? These are just some considerations and don’t include simple psychological effects such as expectation bias, confirmation bias or any of a host of similar congnitive biases. My point here is that no matter how many happy customers there are they are not equivalent to a rigorous test of the technology, also they are a self selected sample; only those who believe the technology will work are going to get it installed in the first place.

OK enough of this psych stuff, what about the cold hard evidence? Well, looking at the Fuelstar website there are a  number of listings in the “Formal Tests” category of the Test Results page. Of these three are case study type that purportedly show a reduction in X from vehicle Y and are quite light on testing procedures and supporting documentation, interesting but hardly good evidence I don’t feel bad dismissing these out of hand. Of the three that are left one is a kind of meta-analysis that consists of a chemist associated with Fuelstar saying “It works, ok and those tests that say it doesn’t are wrong” again, no guilt about flushing that one. Another study, the most promising by the look of the description, is entirely in Taiwanese, sigh. All of this leaves us with a single test performed by a seemingly reputable facility on the USA, however although the test did compare engine performance both before and after installation of the Fuelstar device the report is ambiguous on the exact timeline of events. In particular the Pre-conditioning step included performing ”restorative” maintenance on the engine at the same time the device was installed, does this mean the system that was tested with the device was different to that without the device? It is unclear from the report and I have to file this under “Inconclusive”.

Finally the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency for those not in the know) tested a substantially similar device in 1999 and concluded that “When the fuel economy data are analyzed (using the
Student’s t test) as a whole, there is no statistical difference in the fuel economy results as a function of use of the [Device]
“. This along with the generally poor quality of the supporting evidence leads me to think that the claims made for the system are mostly hype and there is no reason to suppose that installing it will have any significant effect. Darn, I could have used the extra cash to pimp my ride.

Resources


http://www.choice.com.au/viewArticleAsOnePage.aspx?id=104217


http://www.immortality.co.nz/fuelstar.html


http://www.aa.co.nz/motoring/news/Pages/Be-sceptical-of-fuel-saving-devices.aspx


http://www.fuelstar.co.nz/TestResults.asp


http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/myths/gasoline_saving.html


http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/devices/r99015.pdf

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Frequency Specific Microcurrent


This week in my local community paper I had cause to once again raise my brow in surprise at the low bar for inclusion in this publication. I refer to a story written by a journalism student promoting a therapy known as FSM or Frequency Specific Microcurrent (not Flying Spaghetti Monster). I say promoting rather than reporting on as it seemed that the student merely parroted what she had been told of the treatment with nary a skeptical thought. I was unsure when I read this article whether I was looking at a news report or an advertisement for yet another brand of alternative health device. Though I should temper this by pointing out that it seems to be becoming endemic to the field of journalism as a whole rather than be unique to this student of it.

As I could find little in the way of information about this therapy at my usual sources on these sorts of claims (Quackwatch and Skepdic, both excellent resources) I thought I would do some investigation of my own and share the results here. A brief search of PubMed found a decided lack of peer review studies either published by the technology’s alleged inventor Carolyn McMakin, nor on the effectiveness of the therapy itself. So I decided to start with the website of the inventor herself.

The “therapy” consists of applying microamp current to selected areas of the patient’s body, the current is tuned to two different frequencies that historically were supposed to correspond to the resonant frequency of the disease and the tissue of interest. It is unclear whether the current version makes this claim but two frequencies are still employed, apparently providing a unique synergy that is useful for treating only specific ailments. Practically the current is produced by a battery operated device that allows the practitioner to set both the frequency and the current on two independent channels. This current is then transferred to the patient via conductive graphite gloves worn by the practitioner as they lay hands on the patient. The claims for the device itself are modest apparently due to FDA restrictions that apply to the classification of devices it falls under. This classification is that of TENS devices which stands for Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation, this class of machine can provide relief from certain types of pain simply by virtue of electrical stimulation, no frequencies are explicitly invoked.

However, the frequencies used have much wider claims associated with them, one I found amusing was “There is one frequency combination that so far is 100% effective in a small number of cases to take away kidney stone pain.”, I perhaps naively think that a treatment is either 100% effective or is useful in a small number of cases, combining these two seems to be trying to get the best of both worlds. To clarify I don’t think there are necessarily treatments that are always 100% effective but I do have the opinion that a more useful statement would have been how effective the treatment is for the majority of patients. Other claims include the ability to treat asthma, liver dysfunction and irritable bowel syndrome as well as scar removal.

On the website’s FAQ a simplistic history of the use electromagnetic therapy devices from the early 20th century is given and spoken of in glowing terms stating that “There were thousands of physicians using this technology at this time. They had journals and associations and were treating patients and doing research and sharing the effects of frequencies in articles and books.” This may or may not be true but has no relevance as to the effectiveness of the treatment, I have no doubt there are thousands of practitioners prescribing Homeopathic preparations right now. Dr. Albert Abrams is also referenced as a pioneer of these techniques despite his unusual practices having been exposed as fraud in the 1920s. In 1994 Dr. McMakin started using these frequencies on her chiropractic patients and reports that they “appeared to do exactly what they were alleged to do”.

In 1995 Dr. McMakin developed the therapy using a device and a list of reputedly medically useful frequencies that she apparently inherited from a Canadian osteopath. Two years later Dr. McMakin began teaching FSM according to her website “to see if the effects of FSM were reproducible.” (curious, I thought that’s what studies and controlled trials were for). Despite the order in which the story is related this appears to be before papers were presented to either the American Back Society or Topics in Clinical Chiropractic, both chiropractic based. The teaching of the technique consists of a three day course in “the use of frequency protocols, the differential diagnosis of pain generators and neurologic conditions.”. Were this technique developed by the medical mainstream I hope it would have undergone slightly more rigorous investigation before being tested on patients or taught to other practitioners.

Moving on, there are several papers listed on the website in support of this therapy of mixed quality. The most convincing papers deal with the use of the therapy for Fibromyalgia, in particular this study on “Cytokine changes with microcurrent treatment of fibromyalgia associated with cervical spine trauma“. Now I am not medically trained and readily admit that I am not qualified to accurately interpret the results of this study, however there are several points that I as a layman found concerning. First was the inclusion of only a single control subject who also received treatment. Second there seemed to have been quite a high drop-out rate for the trial (approximately 30%) leaving only 32 subjects to acquire meaningful data from. Thirdly, the use of specific frequencies in the treatment is probably the most controversial part and yet those that were chosen for the study are simply asserted to be the most effective with no reference to how this was done or what data lead to this conclusion. Fourthly, and this is less a criticism of the study itself, is the topic under study. I am given to understand that Fibromyalgia is characterised by periods of flares and remission which may complicate the data. I realise however that this trial may be considered a pilot study and so can not be held to the same standards as a large rigorous placebo/non-treated group controlled trial.

In addition the almost ubiquitous claim in pseudo-scientific medicine and quackery is made that there are no dangers or side effects from the treatment itself. As has been pointed out in other places a modality that affects biological systems is unlikely to be all benefit. If there is an effect then it is almost guaranteed there is a side-effect. The consideration undertaken in the use of valid medical interventions is whether the benefits are worth the accompanying risks.

Due to the nature of the therapy it is unclear exactly what is being tested/providing relief, a shaky theory of dubious plausibility based on the unscientific premise that tissues and diseases have “Frequencies” that if applied externally can enhance or inhibit functioning and so cure medical conditions or transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation that at least one doctor considers to be an uncontroversial treatment for pain. What does seem to be clear is that there seems to be more emphasis on promotion of this therapy than on testing it’s efficacy and introducing to the wider medical community a truly useful technique.

Finally, it seems to me that the evidence is not convincing that there is an effect here that can only be explained by appeals to the recovery of lost knowledge from a golden age of medical treatments that was squashed by a jealous Medical Establishment.

Resources


http://www.frequencyspecific.com


http://www.quackwatch.org/04ConsumerEducation/News/rife.html


http://www.americanartifacts.com/smma/abrams/abrams.htm


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcutaneous_Electrical_Nerve_Stimulator

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Moon Landings


Space, the final frontier. We may not be sending Starships on 5-year missions to seek out new life and new civilizations but we have set foot on the Moon, right? Conspiracy theorists would have you believe it’s all a big hoax, but what evidence do they have? There are literally hundreds of claims concerning this but I will pick out just two that seem the most credible and certainly gave me pause for thought when I first heard them. First is the observation that in the photos taken by the Apollo astronauts there is a surprising lack of stars in the sky. I mean on the Moon the sky is black All The Time, shouldn’t there be an incredible vista of stars visible? This seems like a plausible objection, during the day here on Earth the sky is bright and blue drowning out the light from any stars. When night comes the sky becomes dark and the stars come out.

However, consider that while there is no atmosphere to scatter the light from the Sun and this makes the sky dark, the Moon’s surface does reflect light (about 10% of the light that hits the Moon is reflected) and the astronauts themselves are clothed in quite reflective white suits. When the subject of a photo is brightly lit, as would be the case on the Moon, then the shutter speed of the camera is increased to avoid over exposure. This means that there is less time for light to fall on the film and dimmer objects will not have enough time to leave an image. Background stars come under the catagory of fainter objects and so do not turn up in the photos.

Ok, so that turned out to be an easy one. This next one is much curlier. There are photos where there are long shadows being cast by objects on the Moons surface. If the Sun is the only source of light these should be parallel, but they seem to diverge. How is this possible? The explanation of multiple light sources does not hold up because of the simple fact that there is only one shadow per object but we can get the same effect both through an uneven surface and simple perspective. If the ground is not flat then this will alter the apparent direction of shadows, also the objects tend to be significant distances away from each other which means that what we see is distorted by perspective. Don’t believe me? look at the shadows of near and distant street lights late in the day and see for yourself. Huh, that one was easy too. If you think I’m picking the low hanging fruit here I suggest you check out the links below, it doesn’t get much harder than this folks.

Resources


http://www.braeunig.us/space/hoax.htm


http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/apollohoax.html


http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html

Vaccines


Parents have a tough job. That’s a fact. However this job is made tougher by two things, 1. Fear for their children’s safety, 2. False information in the media. The first is completely natural and even necessary. The second unfortunately is also natural and is something that arises because of peoples fear.

Part of the reason is that when you are talking about someone’s child then any risk is too much. That is understood and absolutely forgivable, this leads to trouble though when that fear is misinformed and the public does not have the knowledge to decipher the facts for themselves. An inability to rationally weigh the risks also leads to making decisions that can be detrimental to health long term.

The trouble with the current concern over vaccines causing autism is that this is primarily a case of parents being overwhelmed by media coverage that is intended to produce ratings not provide accurate information. It is a recurring theme that the controversial stories are hyped and the factual follow ups are down played or overlooked altogether.

Multiple studies have shown that the putative link between the MMR vaccine and autism does not hold up, some of these are listed below. In addition the rise in autism diagnoses that anti-vaccination groups point to is widely regarded by the scientific community to be an artifact of the inclusion of a wider variety of disorders under the umbrella term of “Autism” in recent decades. Autism is defined by a certain constellation of symptoms being present and their severity. In recent years less severe examples of these symptoms have been added to the diagnosis of the autism spectrum. This allows for a greater number of diagnoses than in the past.

This is a very complex and emotional debate and I have only touched on it briefly here, I recommend reading up on the subject through the resources listed below.

Resources


http://www.cdc.gov/od/science/iso/mmr_autism.htm


http://www.theness.com/articles.asp?id=74


http://www.theness.com/neurologicablog/?p=37

http://www.immunize.org/mmrautism/


http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p2065.htm


http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26561


http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/330/7483/112-d


http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7334/393

Lily The Pink


I was surprised to learn, as you may be (or not), that the song “Lily The Pink” is based on a real person. The fun song from my childhood refers, loosely, to the exploits of a woman named Lydia Pinkham and her creation “Lydia Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound” from 1875. This homemade cure was marketed towards women for menstrual cramps and particularly menopause but was accompanied by more far reaching claims of efficacy including but not limited to headaches, sleeplessness, indigestion, depression and even apparently uterine cancer.

In the days before regulation of medical claims Lydia made a fortune from aggressive promotion of her untested concoction. By creating an culture of fear regarding established medicine and painting her business as the friendly alternative to the cold and impersonal scientific medical practice she became very successful. One of the alleged active ingredients in Lydia’s compound was Black Cohosh, a recent trial by the US National Institutes of Health has determined that it is of no use for relieving the symptoms of menopause.

Today it seems that herbal supplements and alternative medicines, as Lydia’s compound did, have free reign to make unsubstantiated health claims. That the same tactics that Lydia’s company employed to sell their dubious cure-all still work today is dismaying considering the general increase in education level seen among the public in the intervening years. These companies still prey on the general population’s fears concerning the increasingly complicated medical field, and profit from instilling distrust of the very technologies that make living in this age so comfortable and safe.

Resources


http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/07-12-12.html





http://www.thebards.net/music/lyrics/Lily_The_Pink.shtml
Original Version Lyrics


http://www.go2lyrics.com/scaffold-lily-the-pink-lyrics-song.html
Revised Version


http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/333/7564/0-e?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Black+cohosh&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT

The Book of Abraham Papyrus


The Book of Abraham is a set of papyri that were purportedly translated by the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS or Mormons) Joseph Smith and claimed by him to be a lost book of Abraham. These papyri were purchased by Smith and the church from a traveling Mummy exhibitor in 1835, several of the scraps were translated by Smith over time though there were more that were not. In 1871 the papyri were lost and presumed burned during a fire in Chicago. Thus it was that the translations performed by Smith could not be verified when decoding hieroglyphs became common place thanks to pioneering work by Jean-François Champillion.

In 1966 the papyri were rediscovered in New York’s metropolitan Museum of Art, finally the translations could be verified. Upon closer scrutiny by scholars of Egyptian writings, who had had the intervening 95 years in which to hone their craft, the documents were found to be common funerary text known as the “book of Breathings” that was often buried with mummies. Rather than dating from the time of Abraham as the Church had thought, the texts were actually discerned to be almost two thousand years younger, placing them at a mere few centuries BCE. Finally the text was greatly expanded in the Church’s translation, four lines of text on one papyrus became 49 verses in the book of Abraham.

My aim here is not to ridicule nor deride a particular set of people for their beliefs but to try and provide information on what some of those beliefs are founded on. On the whole I have found many that are associated with the Mormon church to be warm and genuine people and I would like to help them understand the origins of one of the (now) foundational documents of their movement.

Resources

Disclaimer: Finding unbiased references has proved difficult, the links that follow may be hosted on sites that are antagonistic to Mormonism in general. As such I would like to point out that I do not personally endorse the underlying ideologies of these pages.


http://www.utlm.org/onlineresources/fallofbookabraham.htm


http://www.mormonthink.com/boaweb.htm#significant


http://nowscape.com/mormon/egyptian_alphabet.htm


http://nowscape.com/mormon/papyrus/by_his_own_hand.htm


http://www.carm.org/lds/ldspapyri.htm

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