Archive for the ‘ Warped Science ’ Category

Holy Hyperbole Batman!!


Apparently the Armageddon predicted by Harold Camping is not the only one we have to contend with. Watch out, it’s The Next Armageddon!

Did you know that the WHO is not the health promoting organization we think it is but really the most nefarious institution in human history?[1]

According to one conspiracy nut[2] the WHO has put into action a plan to kill over 3 billion[3] people. Huh, WHO’da thunk it?

WHO is really going to take this seriously?[4]

The target of this hysteria is the Codex Alimentarius, a set of regulatory guidelines put out by the WHO to:

“..develop food standards, guidelines and related texts such as codes of practice under the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. The main purposes of this Programme are protecting health of the consumers and ensuring fair trade practices in the food trade, and promoting coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non-governmental organizations.”

At least, that’s what “They” want you to think. Mwahahaha!

Russians and Nazis and conspiracies, Oh My!

The first thing you’ll notice about this brightly coloured screed[5] is the complete absence of references. A large number of extremely serious allegations are made and not a single effort has been made to allow you to verify these for yourself.

The first real claim made (apart from the whole killing three billion people thing) is that a Nazi war criminal teamed up with the United Nations to control the population of the world through the food supply. Not a sniff of backing for this is included in the text. Searching on the name of the Nazi[6] and United Nations turns up only other conspiracy sites using virtually identical text. I’m convinced.

This page also taps into the paranoia around water fluoridation by asserting that fluoride is both a poison and has the effect of eliminating aggression and ambition. the proof?

“…. and the fact that it is used in many drugs prescription[sic] shows that it eliminates aggression and ambition in people.”

What more do you need sheeple??? Obviously it must be true, its all in black and white (except the bits in red). Plus, you know, the Russians used it in experiments and got the same results. Uh, where did you get that tidbit? Show me that paper, and the others where it was replicated. Oh, it’s part of the conspiracy you say. How convenient.

Regarding poisons, I’ve said it before: Dose Matters. Things that in high doses would kill us are routinely used in medicine. There is a range where the benefit’s of a substance outweigh the risks. To deny this is to fundamentally misunderstand medicinal and toxicological science.

Of course, this is all the work of evil entities that have been planing population control since the early 1960′s. I have to say that this is some impressively long term planning. I’m surprised there’s no mention of the “Illuminati” if anyone is good at long term, surely it’s them.

Conspiracies, conspiracies everywhere….

“Why Are You Not Aware Of This?

Because the strategy was so thought-out that it’s almost impossible to realise our food is being used against us.  But when you dig deeper you will see that everything is set up to kill us slowly over time… without one factor being the main cause, because there are many. Basically, for those who die… it will be made out as their own fault…”

Yep, almost impossible. Almost. Only those who have the ability to scratch the surface, pull back the curtain and pierce the fog can work it out. Gosh they must have keen insight. Or perhaps they are engaging in overactive pattern recognition and faulty reasoning, not to mention MSU[7] syndrome. It could go either way.

But wait, there’s more. Not only is this guy warning us out of the goodness of his heart, he’s also willing to sell us a book that tells you how not to be killed by the evil powers that be. How nice.

The price of USD$37 is just symbolic, you know nominal, don’t worry about it at all.

My favourite of the benefits touted as to why you should buy the book is:

“The naked truth behind UMAMI (the taste scam behind 90% of the foods today…which is so toxic and makes the foods taste so good and irresistible). What you don’t know is that UMAMI has a terrible effect over your health. Here’s how to avoid it… “

I’ll give him the benefit of the doubt and presume that this is an example of poor editing. Umami isn’t a chemical, it’s the subjective experience of taste that we interpret as savoury/meaty taste. Perhaps what is being referred to here is glutamate or MSG, which for a short time was considered to have negative health effects.[8] Subsequent study has failed to bear this out. So even that generous reading of this point is, well, wrong. Sorry.

If it seems like I haven’t really taken any of this seriously, it’s because I don’t. There are some claims where the only reasonable response is ridicule. There are dozens of assertions put forward on the web page in question. Many of which don’t even give enough information to know exactly what is being claimed[9], let alone providing any basis for refutation or confirmation.

Without providing any details the page is “not even wrong” it’s incomprehensible. The only value it has is to whip up unfounded fear and paranoia, all to pave the way towards buying the book that will save you. From another perspective it has one other value, entertainment.

HT to Alison for bringing this to my attention. Thanks for the hilarity.

————————————————————————–

Footnotes:

1. If you’re an anti-vaxxer, don’t answer that. Also, don’t quote-mine me. Satire has it’s weaknesses.

2. He says he’s not but methinks he doth protest too much.

3. For maximum effect try to read this in the tone of Dr. Evil.

4. Last one, honest.

5. Though not nearly as bad as most conspiracy sites, so there’s that.

6. Hermann Schmitz, president of I.G. Farben the major producer of poison gas for the Germans. http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/cntrl10_trials.htm#Farben

7. Making Shit Up.

8. Ooooh, the dreaded Wikipedia. Inside joke, don’t worry about it.

9. “All nutrients (vitamins and minerals) that have any positive health impact on the body are to be considered toxins/poisons and are to be removed from all food because Codex prohibits the use of nutrients to “prevent, treat or cure any condition or disease”. “   -What does that even mean? Are they going to suck all of the beta-carotene out of carrots? How would you even go about implementing such a retarded scheme?

Facilitated Communication Case Fails to Deliver


The indefatigable Dr. Novella has been keeping track of the Facilitated Communication case of Rom Houben and via his blog I have learned that further investigation into the case has failed to deliver the goods.

As a refresher, late in November last year the news broke of a man who had been misdiagnosed as being in a Persistent Vegetative State (PVS, an essentially hopeless prognosis) being given a new lease on life thanks to modern diagnostic techniques and a practice known as Facilitated Communication (FC). While the mainstream media initially reported this news without a hint of scepticism (despite FC’s chequered past) it didn’t take long for doubts to be made known (for previous posts by myself and fellow Sciblogger Alison see here and here).

Dr. Steven Laureys, the neurologist whose work had thrust Rom into the limelight, only performed a few simple tests to convince himself of the communication method’s legitimacy. To his credit once the full force of the criticism was evident Dr. Laureys determined to return the question of FC’s validity with regard to Rom and conducted tests with the appropriate controls and protocols. These test subsequently showed that Rom was not the one communicating after all.

As detailed in an article by Spiegel Online:

Laureys has now carried out those tests, and his results hold that it wasn’t Houben doing the writing after all. The tests determined that he doesn’t have enough strength and muscle control in his right arm to operate the keyboard. In her effort to help the patient express himself, it would seem that the speech therapist had unwittingly assumed control. This kind of self-deception happens all the time when this method — known as “facilitated communication” — is used. (As a result, the things that Houben was attributed as saying to SPIEGEL for an article printed in November 2009 were also not authentic.)

In the more recent test, Houben was shown or told a series of 15 objects and words, without a speech therapist being present. Afterward, he was supposed to type the correct word — but he didn’t succeed a single time.

Those of us that were aware of FC’s history may not have been be surprised at this result but that does not mean we are not also saddened. I for one would have been happy to lose my cynical opinion of FC in order to keep the eloquent man who spoke movingly of having “Dreamed [him]self away” and his relief at being recognised as conscious; “I will never forget the day they discovered me, the day of my second birth.“. Speaking of which, what pray tell, has happened to the alleged speech therapist Linda Wouters who, it is now evident, was the true originator of the words gushingly attributed to Mr Houben by his family and the media? (And would have been behind the planned book ostensibly written by Rom.) Even if such deception was inadvertent (ie she truly believed that the words came from Rom) this surely casts deep doubt on her professional abilities, and possibly, integrity.

It must be a crushing blow to Mr Houben’s familiy to realise that they must start all over again in their attempts to communicate with Rom, remember that the speech therapist had been working with him for three years. Three years wasted. I hope his family can find the strength to carry on and the fortitude to be cautious about further improvements in the face of this disappointment.

[UPDATE: 19-02-10. Dr. Novella participated in a radio story about the case yesterday, the audio of which can be found Here. Interestingly Dr. Laureys was also interviewed and admitted that the facilitator may have been in the room during the first tests thus completely invalidating the results and subsequent tests were thwarted by "Rom" responding with answers like "you don't trust me" and "I don't want to do the test". A second facilitator had to be brought in in order for the final testing to be done. To my mind this makes the likelihood of Linda Wouters being an innocent participant here much less and that of conscious fraud much more.]

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Careful What You Fish For…


This story has already seen quite a bit of action in the Blogosphere but it was so good I couldn’t resist posting it here as well.

In recent years fMRI stories have become common and the technique has proved valuable for determining the internal state of a person’s brain while they complete specified tasks that allow researchers to draw conclusions about how our brains work. However the technology must be employed carefully otherwise spurious results will mar the integrity of the research. This point was amusingly demonstrated by Neuroscientist Craig Bennett when he decided to process the fMRI data collected from a dead Atlantic Salmon. Yep they scanned a fish.

Here’s a quote from the poster presented at the Human Brain Mapping conference.:

Subject. One mature Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) participated in the fMRI study.
The salmon was approximately 18 inches long, weighed 3.8 lbs, and was not alive at
the time of scanning.

Task. The task administered to the salmon involved completing an open-ended
mentalizing task. The salmon was shown a series of photographs depicting human
individuals in social situations with a specified emotional valence. The salmon was
asked to determine what emotion the individual in the photo must have been
experiencing.

After reviewing the data Bennett was surprised to discover a significant signal in the fish’s brain. Discussions on the metaphysics of post mortem mental lives of piscines aside, this was obviously a false positive. After much debate Bennett decided that this was a good example of why careful filtering of the data procuded by these machines is a must in order to draw valid conclusions. Read Bennett’s description of event’s at his Blog and see the poster based on the data Here.

Project Implicit


Are you sexist? Have a tendency to think that women should stay out of science? Do you prefer the company of straight people over that of gays? Like whites more than blacks? In these enlightened politically correct times it is socially unacceptable in most circles to answer yes to many or all of these questions (depending on where you live). Some will deny that they would answer yes to any of these questions but privately do so, while others will deny even privately that they would. That is to say I might publicly decry the attitudes portrayed in the above questions and even consider myself to be tolerant and unbiased while still holding the views subconsciously.

This is where Project Implicit comes in. Project implicit attempts to uncover the unconscious attitudes of those that take the test and in the process learn something about human nature. The tests are devised in such a way that categories under study have both positive and negative words associated with them in turn. Thus you end up with four alternatives: Gay/Good, Gay/Bad, Straight/Bad, Straight/Good. Once these associations are stipulated the subject is timed in their ability to adhere to these groupings when the positive or negative words are flashed on a screen. When a positive word flashes when the Gay/Good:Straight/Bad pairings are active the subject must hit a key to assign it to the Gay/Good category and conversely when a negative word is flashed assign it to the Straight/Bad category. Each participant must complete testing rounds covering all four possible pairings, after which the amount of time it took to assign each word is tallied and the implicit bias determined.

The underlying assumption of the tests is that people with a preference for one set of pairings, say Gay/Bad:Straight/Good will respond faster than with the reverse pairings. This is meant to indicate the extra processing time required to artificially group the categories. In other words, using less politically charged groups, a combination of Natural/Food and Artificial/Buildings will seem more natural and be easier to assign the words apple, grass, rocks, airplane, computer, garage. In which case participants will do this task faster than the more unwieldy categories of Natural/Buildings and Artificial/Food (ok perhaps in this age Artificial/Food isn’t so unusual but you get the idea).

Can human attitudes be “tricked” into showing themselves in this way? The researchers think so and a mounting pile of scientific papers seems to back them up. I certainly recommend at least taking a few of the “Demo” tests, the results may surprise you. Approximately 30% of respondents register strong preference for whites over blacks or straights over gays so there is a good chance of falling into those categories despite your own expectations. The website even has a warning before the tests are administered: “In reporting to you results of any IAT test that you take, we will mention possible interpretations ……. If you are unprepared to encounter interpretations that you might find objectionable, please do not proceed further.” For some reason the words of Yoda and Luke are brought to my mind:

Luke: There’s something not right here… I feel cold. Death.
Yoda: That place… is strong with the dark side of the Force. A domain of evil it is. In you must go.
Luke: What’s in there?
Yoda: Only what you take with you.

Gardasil Follow-up: The Evil Toxins


My last post on Gardasil has garnered quite a bit of interest so I thought I would follow it up with a look at some of the other claims about this vaccine that are also geared towards warning women away from it. The focus of this entry is, as the title implies, the ingredients of the vaccine and their alleged toxicity. Now I would first like to make clear that I am not trying to argue that these compounds are not at all toxic, that would be an untenable position almost anything is toxic at the right (or wrong) dose. This brings up the heart of the issue though, the dose is key here, the claims by detractors of the vaccine imply that the amounts of the chemicals in the vaccine are above the toxic threshold. I, along with the medical community so I feel I’m in good company, consider this to be an incorrect conclusion.

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Matthias Rath – steal this chapter


A longer post than usual, luckily I didn’t have to write it. This post was written by Ben Goldacre of Bad Science blog fame, enjoy.

This is an extract from
BAD SCIENCE by Ben Goldacre
Published by Harper Perennial 2009.

You are free to copy it, paste it, bake it, reprint it, read it aloud, as long as you don’t change it – including this bit – so that people know that they can find more ideas for free at www.badscience.net

.

The Doctor Will Sue You Now

This chapter did not appear in the original edition of this book, because for fifteen months leading up to September 2008 the vitamin-pill entrepreneur Matthias Rath was suing me personally, and the Guardian, for libel. This strategy brought only mixed success. For all that nutritionists may fantasise in public that any critic is somehow a pawn of big pharma, in private they would do well to remember that, like many my age who work in the public sector, I don’t own a flat. The Guardian generously paid for the lawyers, and in September 2008 Rath dropped his case, which had cost in excess of £500,000 to defend. Rath has paid £220,000 already, and the rest will hopefully follow.  Nobody will ever repay me for the endless meetings, the time off work, or the days spent poring over tables filled with endlessly cross-referenced court documents.

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Thermodynamics Vs Evolution: The Grudge Match


The law that entropy always increases holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws of Nature. If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell’s equations — then so much the worse for Maxwell’s equations. If it is found to be contradicted by observation — well, these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the second law of thermodynamics I can give you no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation.” — Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World (1927)

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Scientific Debate


No matter what the issue you can find scientists to support any view. Is this a failing of science? or is something else at work here?

First off I would like to point out that the sometimes combative nature of science is a good thing. When new data is published the the authenticity and reliability should be closely examined and criticized if found wanting. Despite public perception scientific quality assurance does not stop with peer reviewed publishing, that is just the beginning. In addition the willingness of researchers to question established knowledge is also good, this is how progress is made.

Concerning my original assertion, that a scientist can be found to uphold any view, one thing to remember is that science is performed by scientists. That may seem an obvious statement but my point is that science is not a simple monolithic block of knowledge, it is contributed to by human beings and human beings have failings. We are all susceptible to biases, some of them are cultural and some of them are a by-product of how our mind works, we are more likely to accept information that confirms our preconceptions for instance. But part of science is the effort to overcome these biases, we perform controlled experiments, we use reliable sources, we replicate others’ experiments, in short we try to remove the human component as much as possible.

All of this means that individual scientists can fall on a spectrum of how well they divorce the outcomes of their work from their personal biases. In certain cases there are those that embrace their personal ideologies in their work, they let it inform and guide the course of research. Sometimes this can be a boon, leading research to new places with novel conclusions but all too often it leads to confounding factors and unreliable data.

A contributing factor is the concept of “balance” in the media, to the point that dissenting opinions will be put forward whether or not they constitute a legitimate scientific controversy. All are presented as equally valid even though some are simply wrong. Not all opinions are equal, not all conclusions valid and not all sources reliable. Consider the Evolution vs Creationism debate, this is an extreme case and so it is easy to see that it is a political debate not one based on actual scientific conclusions. Evolution is a corner stone of biological science, in light of which everything else makes sense. Creationism arises from literal adherence to certain religious traditions. Add to this that is an almost uniquely American phenomenon and the claim that it is science based practically refutes itself.

For the public presented with these opposing view points it can be difficult to separate the real controversy from the manufactroversy, or the tendency to create a debate where none exists. The general public does not usually have the tools to uncover the true state of affairs and so is left with the impression that science is unreliable or can be bent however you wish and is therefore useless. This is unfortunate as science is the most powerful way yet devised to discover the nature of the world around us, from Neutron stars to hydrothermal vents, Dark matter and DNA, all of these things can be studied by science and slowly but surely they are yielding their secrets.

Chilling Research


Recently a study was published on the free science journal site PLoSmedicine that looked at the effect of political climate and controversy on scientific research. In particular this study investigated the effect on research regarding sexual behaviour, during 2003 more than 200 NIH-funded grants, most of which examined behaviours that affect the spread of HIV/AIDS came under attack as being “much less worthy of taxpayer funding” than research on “devastating diseases”. I would just like to note that none of the studies that had their funding subsequently reviewed lost their funding, so the controversy was not directly halting research, but it did have an effect.

So what kind of effects did it have? in this study multiple consequences were found, from simply removing potentially controversial words from grants to the extreme – leaving the research for more secure positions. Such self-censuring tactics were employed by close to half of the respondents in the survey sent out as part of the study. While some may see this as simply the price of doing science in the current political climate I see it as a disturbing precedent where political ideologies, independent of whether they have any scientific validity, are influencing the kind and quality of research being performed. This seems to be to be a first baby step towards the kind of society where scientists must carefully proscribe their activities to avoid harmful repercussions.

What other practices did the researchers engage in to avoid the notice of ideologues? Approximately 7% of those who responded reported that they changed the focus of studies in order to be less politically damaging, for instance studying sexual health in monogamous, heterosexual couples rather than single individuals who were considered to have more fringe preferences. Possibly more concerning a larger percentage (17%) actually discontinued studies they thought were politically “non-viable”. It’s not all doom and gloom however, approximately half of the scientists surveyed declared that no amount of controversy would discourage them from continuing their research and 37% felt pride at their inclusion on the list of studies to be reviewed and several researchers considered their role in the affair to be a “badge of honour”.

Resources

http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050222&ct=1

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/313/5785/292?ijkey=zIglYpRwGQY36&keytype=ref&siteid=sci - Article showing where State approved censureship can lead, even in the modern world.

Frequency Specific Microcurrent Revisited


About two months ago I wrote a piece describing the practice of Frequency Specific Microcurrent therapy (FSM) and attempted to show why I thought the practice was at best the premature use of an unproven modality and at worst a new way of parting the afflicted from their cash. This post recently attracted a comment from a Chiropractor named Pamela Hall who wished to defend the technique. As the comment was lengthy and covered a number of interesting points I thought I would post my reply as a blog entry. First I would like to thank Pamela Hall, DC, for her comment and I hope that I can reply to her in as thoughtful and considerate a way as she has conducted herself. Her comment starts:

Research that meets the gold standard of large patient numbers, with controls costs millions of dollars. There is very little money available for treatment that won’t make the drug companies or some other big players in the medical-industrial complex a lot of money. This is why the research doesn’t get done on this scale. In fact in the 1930′s all electrical therapies, herbs, and homeopathy were banned. They were a threat to the profit of drug companies and the AMA.

Firstly there have been well designed studies on other modalities that “won’t make the drug companies … a lot of money” such as acupuncture, I don’t see why this one should be any different. Also you have presented a false dichotomy here, the choice is not between large definitive clinical trials and nothing at all, smaller pilot studies published in reputable journals will do. If you can provide that I will be greatly appreciative, the best I could find was a case study which vaguely mentioned “microcurrent” along with several other treatment options. Given the amount of time the treatment has been in use I don’t think this is unreasonable.

Those who are prejudiced against so called “alternative healing” fail to acknowledge that western medicine has used aspirin simply because it worked without knowing the reason why until rather recently. The common treatment for angina is nitroglycerin put under the tongue, and this treatment was taken from the realm of homeopathy.

I will gladly acknowledge that much of conventional medicine has come from herbal preparations, folk remedies and the like and that medicines may be used without knowledge of the method of action. However, that the active constituent of Willow bark, salicylic acid (the precursor to acetylsalicylic acid or Aspirin) was extracted and purified which enabled the creation of medicines of consistent dose and quality, is all because of science. Just because a treatment can be obtained from a particular tradition or practice (such as homeopathy) does not lend credence to any of the other methods common to that source, they all must be evaluated separately on their merits, or lack thereof as the case may be. Also, especially in the case of Aspirin, there is a plausible mechanism of action, where a metabolically active substance is introduced into the body and produces a biological effect.

You failed to mention the research done with the frequency for inflammation, using the same animal model as used to test most all of the anti-inflammatory drugs. FSM reduced inflammation by 64% in four minutes, and they never found a drug that reduced it more that 45%. Further more, all anti-inflammatory drugs have undesirable side effects some of which can be life threatening.

This is a fair point and I will accept it. I presume you are referring to this study, the reason I did not discuss it was essentially practical in nature, I could only find this one page abstract which was thin on details. There was nothing there I could dissect. Even If I could have found the full paper it is likely I would not have gone over it as I would have felt even less capable of interpreting it than the study I did present. You bring up another point though that I agree with, drugs do have side effects, as do almost all other types of treatments. As I pointed out in my original post the very fact that treatments have an effect on the body opens the possibility that that can have negative as well as positive effects. As far as I can determine the claim that FSM has no negative side effects can neither be proved or disproved, as you seem to confirm the data is simply not there.

You stated two frequencies are employed by Dr. McMakin, however, hundreds of frequencies are employed. There are always at least two frequencies applied at a time, one resonating with a specific tissue and one resonating with a specific condition.

This I think is simply a misunderstanding, I am aware that there are more than two frequencies that can be used, and I do allude to this fact in several places. My apologies for not being clear.

Microcurrent increases cellular energy by 500% and also increases protein synthesis. This is not what I would call a modest claim.

This may be true, here is the study (performed in 1982 and used as a reference for FSM everywhere), this study was on rat skin tissue in vitro and as such can not necessarily be extrapolated to treating the whole body or even significant parts of it for specific diseases. In addition I do not know how these increases affect other biological functioning or whether or not they are significant even in the context given. Indeed though there does seem to be a biological effect produced by the microcurrent and I refer you to my point above regarding potential harm. However my main point of disagreement with the treatment is the “Frequency Specific” part, in other words the claim that each disease has it’s own unique vibration that can be used to treat it, that is the real claim being made and that is the part that I find least convincing.

You state that Dr. Abrams was dismissed as a fraud in the 1920′s. You fail to mention that Dr. Abrams was investigated by Upton Sinclair, who according to Wikipedia, “was a Pulitzer Prize-winning prolific American author who wrote over 90 books in many genres and was widely considered to be one of the best investigators advocating socialist views. He achieved considerable popularity in the first half of the 20th century. He gained particular fame for his 1906 muckraking novel The Jungle, which dealt with conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry and caused a public uproar that partly contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906.”

Mr. Sinclair reported that “Albert Abrams was one of the most eminent practitioners in San Francisco, the head physician of large hospitals, recognized as the author of important discoveries.” Like many scientists who make major breakthroughs his ideas which involved a new paradigm in healing were met with disbelief and derision of his peers. Upton Sinclair was very skeptical when he first visited Abrams, and expected to be done in a couple of days. Instead he stayed and observed him for a couple of weeks, “and it might have been months or even years, if urgent duties had not called me home.” Sinclair considered Dr. Abrams to be a great scientist who had much to offer humankind.

No I did not, and would not have even had I been aware of his involvement. The opinions of a single author, even a “Pulitzer Prize-winning” one such as Mr. Sinclair would amount to anecdote. I read the biography of Mr. Sinclair and failed to note any mention of scientific training or any indication that he had any other expertise that might have been relevant, fame and popularity do not a reliable source make. Even if this had not been the case this point would have carried little weight as it is simply an appeal to authority and as such does not trump the decades of knowledge gained since his time. It is the consensus of scientific opinion that should be the more trust worthy authority here, the views of a single person, even a distinguished scientist (or author), are simply too prone to error and bias.

FSM is based on a new paradigm in healing. Dr. McMakin explains it well in simplified terms on a video clip now on her website: www.frequencyspecific.com. If you wish to have a better understanding of the scientific underpinnings of Frequency Specific Microcurrent, I suggest you read Energy Medicine: The Scientific Basis by James Oschman, Ph.D.

The trouble with new paradigms is that they must first prove themselves in the full sphere of scientific knowledge before they can be accepted. This means that they must either fit with the already established principles we have discovered in the realms of physics, chemistry and biology or provide a new underpinning that incorporates the known facts but explains them in a more complete and satisfying way that can be confirmed or falsified by experiment. When “Einsteinian” physics was discovered it did not overturn Newton, it added a new layer of complexity and richness to our understanding of the Universe.

Once again I would like to thank Pamela for her interest and for taking the time to comment without resorting to simple attacks. None of my points have been made in malice and if and offense is given it is with regret.

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Rat Brained Robot


This news story has been around for almost a month now but I’m sure there are people who have not encountered it yet, not everyone follows science and technology news. Researchers at the University of Reading in the UK are experimenting with controlling a simple robot with cultures of rat neurons, that’s cool. Rather than attempting to create our hyper intelligent organic/machine successors however these experiments appear to be directed towards understanding brain function and how neurons deal with changes to their environment and cope with disrupting influences. In this way we may make advances in degenerative brain disorders and disruptive syndromes such as Alzheimer’s and epilepsy.

The idea is that if they can connect neurons to an interactive system such as a robot they can then determine how throwing a spanner in the works affects learning and motor control. To do this the researchers remove the cortical material from a rat fetus and reduce it to individual neurons in solution. Once this is achieved they can then introduce the electrodes to a set of approximately 300,000 of the neurons and allow them to grow and make connections between themselves. At this point the neurons begin communicating in earnest and patterns of activity can be seen. The cells are now connected to the output of an ultrasonic sensor and are exposed to the sensor’s electrical output and the teaching begins. Actually, it is difficult to say whether true learning is taking place as the cells are simply monitored for their response to repeated stimulus and repeatable responses are then used to make the robot turn to avoid an obstacle. Once the culture has been “trained” in this way they can alter it chemically, electrically or physically to upset this controllability, they hope to be able to work out some causes and effects that throw light on the disorders mentioned above.

Interesting and enlightening as this work is, I think that for shear creepy coolness it is surpassed by somewhat related research performed in 2002 at the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center that implanted electrodes into a rat to manipulate it’s movement, creating in effect a remote controlled rat. I want one of those.

Resources

http://technology.newscientist.com/channel/tech/mg19926696.100-rise-of-the-ratbrained-robots.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrot

http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=researchers-guide-rats-by

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Fuelstar


I first found out about Fuelstar about a year ago, I had received a flyer in the mailbox that proclaimed 12% savings on fuel consumption for my car. At the time petrol prices had really started going through the roof so this was a deal that seemed too good to be true, I thought I could already see where this was going but decided to investigate further to determine if there was any validity to the claims. After and hour or so online I had satisfied myself that the only fuel savings I would get would be those that came with my wallet becoming lighter I forgot about the whole thing. Fast forward to earlier this week when a colleague pointed out a half page ad in the paper and says “You should look in to that”, well after I had finished giving him the low down and climbed back off my high horse I figured I should cover it here too.

So what is Fuelstar? Essentially it is a metal canister containing tin pellets that is fitted to your fuel line before it enters your engine. Ostensibly the idea is that the pellets release micro particles of tin that flow with the petrol into the engine and helps the fuel burn more efficiently. The following claims are made on the back of this: That your fuel consumption will go down, your power output will go up and the device will clean your engine. Now, do these claims hold up? Fuelstar would say the 180,000 happy customers says “Yes”, OK lets consider these customers. First, if someone decides to install a fuel saving device in their car it stands to reason that they have fuel economy on their mind, in which case their driving habits may change, they are more likely to pay more attention to how the car is running, whether the tyres have the correct pressure etc. If so, and they started to be more observant about their fuel consumption around the time of installing the Fuelstar device they are likely to attribute any gains they see to it.

 In addition, would these customers have gotten the device fitted by an experienced mechanic?, who would likely have also given the car a tune up at the same time, which has an effect on fuel consumption. Also how many of the customers would have carefully tracked the amount of fuel used and under what conditions for significant periods of time both before and after installing the device? These are just some considerations and don’t include simple psychological effects such as expectation bias, confirmation bias or any of a host of similar congnitive biases. My point here is that no matter how many happy customers there are they are not equivalent to a rigorous test of the technology, also they are a self selected sample; only those who believe the technology will work are going to get it installed in the first place.

OK enough of this psych stuff, what about the cold hard evidence? Well, looking at the Fuelstar website there are a  number of listings in the “Formal Tests” category of the Test Results page. Of these three are case study type that purportedly show a reduction in X from vehicle Y and are quite light on testing procedures and supporting documentation, interesting but hardly good evidence I don’t feel bad dismissing these out of hand. Of the three that are left one is a kind of meta-analysis that consists of a chemist associated with Fuelstar saying “It works, ok and those tests that say it doesn’t are wrong” again, no guilt about flushing that one. Another study, the most promising by the look of the description, is entirely in Taiwanese, sigh. All of this leaves us with a single test performed by a seemingly reputable facility on the USA, however although the test did compare engine performance both before and after installation of the Fuelstar device the report is ambiguous on the exact timeline of events. In particular the Pre-conditioning step included performing ”restorative” maintenance on the engine at the same time the device was installed, does this mean the system that was tested with the device was different to that without the device? It is unclear from the report and I have to file this under “Inconclusive”.

Finally the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency for those not in the know) tested a substantially similar device in 1999 and concluded that “When the fuel economy data are analyzed (using the
Student’s t test) as a whole, there is no statistical difference in the fuel economy results as a function of use of the [Device]
“. This along with the generally poor quality of the supporting evidence leads me to think that the claims made for the system are mostly hype and there is no reason to suppose that installing it will have any significant effect. Darn, I could have used the extra cash to pimp my ride.

Resources

http://www.choice.com.au/viewArticleAsOnePage.aspx?id=104217

http://www.immortality.co.nz/fuelstar.html

http://www.aa.co.nz/motoring/news/Pages/Be-sceptical-of-fuel-saving-devices.aspx

http://www.fuelstar.co.nz/TestResults.asp

http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/myths/gasoline_saving.html

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/devices/r99015.pdf

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Frequency Specific Microcurrent


This week in my local community paper I had cause to once again raise my brow in surprise at the low bar for inclusion in this publication. I refer to a story written by a journalism student promoting a therapy known as FSM or Frequency Specific Microcurrent (not Flying Spaghetti Monster). I say promoting rather than reporting on as it seemed that the student merely parroted what she had been told of the treatment with nary a skeptical thought. I was unsure when I read this article whether I was looking at a news report or an advertisement for yet another brand of alternative health device. Though I should temper this by pointing out that it seems to be becoming endemic to the field of journalism as a whole rather than be unique to this student of it.

As I could find little in the way of information about this therapy at my usual sources on these sorts of claims (Quackwatch and Skepdic, both excellent resources) I thought I would do some investigation of my own and share the results here. A brief search of PubMed found a decided lack of peer review studies either published by the technology’s alleged inventor Carolyn McMakin, nor on the effectiveness of the therapy itself. So I decided to start with the website of the inventor herself.

The “therapy” consists of applying microamp current to selected areas of the patient’s body, the current is tuned to two different frequencies that historically were supposed to correspond to the resonant frequency of the disease and the tissue of interest. It is unclear whether the current version makes this claim but two frequencies are still employed, apparently providing a unique synergy that is useful for treating only specific ailments. Practically the current is produced by a battery operated device that allows the practitioner to set both the frequency and the current on two independent channels. This current is then transferred to the patient via conductive graphite gloves worn by the practitioner as they lay hands on the patient. The claims for the device itself are modest apparently due to FDA restrictions that apply to the classification of devices it falls under. This classification is that of TENS devices which stands for Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation, this class of machine can provide relief from certain types of pain simply by virtue of electrical stimulation, no frequencies are explicitly invoked.

However, the frequencies used have much wider claims associated with them, one I found amusing was “There is one frequency combination that so far is 100% effective in a small number of cases to take away kidney stone pain.”, I perhaps naively think that a treatment is either 100% effective or is useful in a small number of cases, combining these two seems to be trying to get the best of both worlds. To clarify I don’t think there are necessarily treatments that are always 100% effective but I do have the opinion that a more useful statement would have been how effective the treatment is for the majority of patients. Other claims include the ability to treat asthma, liver dysfunction and irritable bowel syndrome as well as scar removal.

On the website’s FAQ a simplistic history of the use electromagnetic therapy devices from the early 20th century is given and spoken of in glowing terms stating that “There were thousands of physicians using this technology at this time. They had journals and associations and were treating patients and doing research and sharing the effects of frequencies in articles and books.” This may or may not be true but has no relevance as to the effectiveness of the treatment, I have no doubt there are thousands of practitioners prescribing Homeopathic preparations right now. Dr. Albert Abrams is also referenced as a pioneer of these techniques despite his unusual practices having been exposed as fraud in the 1920s. In 1994 Dr. McMakin started using these frequencies on her chiropractic patients and reports that they “appeared to do exactly what they were alleged to do”.

In 1995 Dr. McMakin developed the therapy using a device and a list of reputedly medically useful frequencies that she apparently inherited from a Canadian osteopath. Two years later Dr. McMakin began teaching FSM according to her website “to see if the effects of FSM were reproducible.” (curious, I thought that’s what studies and controlled trials were for). Despite the order in which the story is related this appears to be before papers were presented to either the American Back Society or Topics in Clinical Chiropractic, both chiropractic based. The teaching of the technique consists of a three day course in “the use of frequency protocols, the differential diagnosis of pain generators and neurologic conditions.”. Were this technique developed by the medical mainstream I hope it would have undergone slightly more rigorous investigation before being tested on patients or taught to other practitioners.

Moving on, there are several papers listed on the website in support of this therapy of mixed quality. The most convincing papers deal with the use of the therapy for Fibromyalgia, in particular this study on “Cytokine changes with microcurrent treatment of fibromyalgia associated with cervical spine trauma“. Now I am not medically trained and readily admit that I am not qualified to accurately interpret the results of this study, however there are several points that I as a layman found concerning. First was the inclusion of only a single control subject who also received treatment. Second there seemed to have been quite a high drop-out rate for the trial (approximately 30%) leaving only 32 subjects to acquire meaningful data from. Thirdly, the use of specific frequencies in the treatment is probably the most controversial part and yet those that were chosen for the study are simply asserted to be the most effective with no reference to how this was done or what data lead to this conclusion. Fourthly, and this is less a criticism of the study itself, is the topic under study. I am given to understand that Fibromyalgia is characterised by periods of flares and remission which may complicate the data. I realise however that this trial may be considered a pilot study and so can not be held to the same standards as a large rigorous placebo/non-treated group controlled trial.

In addition the almost ubiquitous claim in pseudo-scientific medicine and quackery is made that there are no dangers or side effects from the treatment itself. As has been pointed out in other places a modality that affects biological systems is unlikely to be all benefit. If there is an effect then it is almost guaranteed there is a side-effect. The consideration undertaken in the use of valid medical interventions is whether the benefits are worth the accompanying risks.

Due to the nature of the therapy it is unclear exactly what is being tested/providing relief, a shaky theory of dubious plausibility based on the unscientific premise that tissues and diseases have “Frequencies” that if applied externally can enhance or inhibit functioning and so cure medical conditions or transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation that at least one doctor considers to be an uncontroversial treatment for pain. What does seem to be clear is that there seems to be more emphasis on promotion of this therapy than on testing it’s efficacy and introducing to the wider medical community a truly useful technique.

Finally, it seems to me that the evidence is not convincing that there is an effect here that can only be explained by appeals to the recovery of lost knowledge from a golden age of medical treatments that was squashed by a jealous Medical Establishment.

Resources

http://www.frequencyspecific.com

http://www.quackwatch.org/04ConsumerEducation/News/rife.html

http://www.americanartifacts.com/smma/abrams/abrams.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcutaneous_Electrical_Nerve_Stimulator

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GM Cassava


With the news last week of products containing trace amounts of GM rice being removed from sale here in NZ, I thought I would cover the engineering of another food crop. The Cassava plant is apparently the third largest source of carbohydrates for human food in the world, I’d never heard of it before last week. This plant can be the prime source of sustenance for families in Africa, however it also produces significant levels of cyanide when it is harvested and must be extensively processed before consumption, a task that can take up to several days. It is also relatively poor in vitamins and minerals. As if this wasn’t enough the plant is susceptible to infection by the geminivirus which can reduce yields by 30 percent to 50 percent in many areas in sub-Saharan Africa. With these drawbacks in mind it has been the subject of a genetic engineering project at Ohio State University, the Biocassava project funded by the Gates foundation, to make it a more complete food as well as safer to eat.

The plant does have it’s good points though, one of which being that it can be left in the ground growing for up to three years and so can provide a sustained food source. Given that the plant is often the primary source of calories for a great many people, and for some of those people may make up the bulk of the only meal they eat a day, the project has attempted to make the root a more complete food. The researchers have been able to help the plant accumulate more minerals eg iron and retain precursor vitamins to help your body make A, E, + some B complex vitamins. They have also given the plant increased virus resistance and attempted to reduce the amount of cyanide int the root.

All of which means that the Cassava plant will soon become more productive (through reduced incidence of disease) as well as easier to process and a more healthful meal. It is possible that these changes may even turn the Cassava from a subsistence farming type crop into an income generation crop. The engineered crop is currently undergoing field trails in Puerto Rico with further testing in African countries slated for 2009. Reflecting on the great strides we have made in this sort of engineering and the enormous rewards that can be gained by it’s use I occasionally despair of those who dismiss it with a knee-jerk reaction. I shake my head every time I see a “Keep NZ GE Free” bumper sticker wondering if the driver even understands what they are protesting against.

Resources

http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10524361

http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/publications/media-releases/2008/bt63-rice-080730.htm

http://www.mos.org/events_activities/podcasts&d=2734

http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/tropicalag.htm

http://biocassavaplus.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava

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Quantum


“If you think you understand quantum theory, you don’t understand quantum theory”, words attributed to Richard Feynman and as true now as when they were uttered. The quantum world is replete with examples that make a mockery of our intuitive understanding of the world. From uncertainty principles saying you can’t know exactly where a particle is and how fast it is going to electrons that can pass through solid barriers. Light that is both a particle and a wave, virtual particles and quantum foam, it’s a crazy world down there. Unfortunately this very impenetrability makes quantum theory ripe for misrepresentation and co-option by those who use it as a smokescreen to cover the initial implausibility of their claims.

The mysterious nature of the quantum realm makes it easy to think that almost anything is possible and so any claim that attaches to itself the concept of quantum mechanics becomes more reasonable by association. Telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, paranormal claims of all kinds have been subject to attempts to provide them with a plausible basis by tying them with quantum strangeness. Unfortunately, most of the unusual properties shown by atoms and subatomic particles are incredibly unstable and have a tendency to collapse on themselves and cancel out any spooky behaviour in a process known as decoherence. Mere interaction with other particles can provide an excuse for this process, unless you go to extraordinary lengths in a purpose built laboratory, particles tend to collide.

Another barrier to the likelihood of quantum mechanics as a framework for the supernatural is the De Broglie Wavelength, this is the effective wavelength of any body and is related to the wave/particle duality of matter and has a direct impact of the distance scales over which quantum effects are observed. For very small objects, like electrons the De Broglie Wavelength is large and quantum effects are pronounced, as objects increase in size this wavelength rapidly decreases until for classically sized objects, like brain cells, it essentially vanishes, taking all quantum weirdness with it. That’s a pity, I’d love to be able to walk through walls, oh wait, we have doors for that. 

Resources

http://www.theness.com/neurologicablog/?p=312

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie_hypothesis

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